seismic waves main types

Body waves travel through the interior of the earth, and have two main types: P-Waves (Primary waves) are Longitudinal Waves. In these waves the particles vibrate at … The vast majority of them are associated with natural earthquakes. Primary and secondary waves are known as body waves, and these waves penetrate the interior of the Earth, whereas surface waves do not penetrate the Earth. P waves are the first ones to reach any particular location or point when an earthquake occurs. There are two types of seismic wave, namely, 'body wave' and 'surface wave'. There are two broad classes of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. Surface waves. The Earth’s crust (the outermost layer) is split into rigid plates, all of which are moving relative to each other. An example of this is shown in a figure above. © 2007-2019 ZME Science - Not exactly rocket science. Check that the Distance from the station to the center of earthquake is 860 km. It means the wave with n zero crossings in radius. Gravity. STUDY. Body Waves ; Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth. P waves are the fastest seismic waves of all and thus called Primary ones. Though they arrive after body waves, it is surface waves that are almost entirely responsible for the damage … S-waves only move through solids. They are a form of acoustic wave, just like sound waves. A noteworthy situation is the estimation of volcanic hazard: volcano eruptions are typically predicted by a swarm of small earthquakes, which is why most of the world’s active volcanoes are surrounded by seismic detectors. Typical speeds are 330 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in water and about 5000 m/s in granite. Surface waves travel across the surface. ... Carry/transfer energy from one place to another. The waves travel more quickly than if they had traveled in a straight line from the earthquake. What was the major contribution of Andrija Mohoroviči ć to Earth science? Seismologists like to split seismic waves into several categories, but the main types of seismic waves come in two categories — body waves (which move throughout entire bodies, such as the Earth), and surface waves )(which travel only on different surfaces, not through the whole body). Body waves can travel through the earth’s inner layers, but surface waves can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water. Volcanoes can also produce earthquakes, though they are generally less impactful than tectonic earthquakes. Earthquakes radiate seismic energy as both body and surface waves. They are called surface waves, as they diminish as they get further from the surface. These waves can travel through any type of material, including fluids, and can travel nearly 1.7 times faster than the S-waves. Seismic wave, vibration generated by an earthquake, explosion, or similar energetic source and propagated within the Earth or along its surface. When seismic waves are first created, they travel outwards in all direction from their source. Each path is denoted by a set of letters that describe the trajectory and phase through the Earth. The two main types of waves are body waves and surface waves. Waves of energy that travel through Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-made explosions, This article is about waves that travel through Earth. Since we’re kids, we’re taught that the Earth has a crust, a mantle, and a core… but how do we know that? The main types of seismic waves: P, S, and surface waves Seismic waves can either be body waves or surface waves -- but the full story is far more complex. Modern seismic arrays use more complicated earthquake location techniques. Primary Waves (P-waves) Primary waves travel faster than any other waves, so when … P-Waves are fastest at about 6 km/s (kilometers per second) and arrive first. There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all move in different ways. P-waves are longitudinal waves that involve compression and expansion in the direction that the wave is moving and are always the first waves to appear on a seismogram as they are the fastest moving waves through solids. Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary. Rayleigh waves, also called ground roll, are surface waves that travel as ripples with motions that are similar to those of waves on the surface of water (note, however, that the associated particle motion at shallow depths is retrograde, and that the restoring force in Rayleigh and in other seismic waves is elastic, not gravitational as for water waves). They can be classified as a form of mechanical surface waves. Seismic waves travel through the layers of the Earth. In this lesson, you will learn what seismic waves are, the various types of seismic waves, and their frequencies. Seismic waves can either be body waves or surface waves -- but the full story is far more complex. Body Waves P Waves (compression wave) The first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary wave. Primary waves (P-waves) are compressional waves that are longitudinal in nature. Flashcards. Types of Seismic Waves. There are two types of surface waves. Spell. You will learn about P-waves, S-waves, Rayleigh waves and Love waves. Earthquakes can happen for a variety of reasons, but by far the most common cause is tectonic. Typically, dozens or even hundreds of P-wave arrivals are used to calculate hypocenters. Surface waves travel along the ground, outward from an earthquake’s epicenter. Our seismograph at Lillooet, B.C. Since shear waves cannot pass through liquids, this phenomenon was original evidence for the now well-established observation that the Earth has a liquid outer core, as demonstrated by Richard Dixon Oldham. Andrei's background is in geophysics, and he's been fascinated by it ever since he was a child. Surface waves(L-Waves) - are of a lower frequency than body waves, and are easily distinguished on a seismogram as a result. [8] On the basis of their amplitude, wave length and nature of vibration the seismic waves are classified into three main types namely-P-wave, S- wave, and L-wave. A Stoneley wave is a type of boundary wave (or interface wave) that propagates along a solid-fluid boundary or, under specific conditions, also along a solid-solid boundary. 1. The seismic wave have been considered to be the outcome of the elastic deformation of rocks. Velocity tends to increase with depth through Earth's crust and mantle, but drops sharply going from the mantle to outer core.[2]. Join the ZME newsletter for amazing science news, features, and exclusive scoops.     The scientists who collect and analyze seismic data are referred to as seismologists . Primary (P) waves; Secondary (S) waves; Surface waves; The location of the earthquake is found using the primary and secondary waves. [3], Of the fundamental toroidal modes, 0T1 represents changes in Earth's rotation rate; although this occurs, it is much too slow to be useful in seismology. This is the fastest kind of seismic wave. The Three Types of Seismic Waves. Why? The velocities of both can be measured via seismic refraction. The first two, the P (or primary) and S (or secondary) waves, propagate within the body of the Earth, while the third, consisting of… Seismic surface waves travel along the Earth's surface. Daily Going deeper, a J wave is an S wave in the outer core, while a K wave is a P-wave in the outer core. In general an upper case denotes a transmitted wave and a lower case denotes a reflected wave. In air, they take the form of sound waves, hence they travel at the speed of sound. There are four main types of seismic waves, each characterized by its specific particle motion: Precise earthquake prediction (pinpointing the exact time and place of a future earthquake) is not possible and will not be possible for the foreseeable future due to the sheer complexity of the problem — but this doesn’t mean that we can’t make some guesses. The three types of seismic waves are primary waves, secondary waves and surface waves. Secondary, S or Shear Waves are also called transverse wave. Man-made explosions (for instance, atomic testing) can also produce earthquake-type features which produce seismic waves and can be detected — this is what allows remote monitoring of nuclear explosions. The density and modulus, in turn, vary according to temperature, composition, and material phase. These transitions are governed by differences in density, which is why we know so much about the density of many structures deep inside the Earth. These waves resemble sound waves, since both are compression-dilatation or compression rarefaction waves. The main types of seismic waves are the following: Studying and understanding seismic waves is more than a theoretical pursuit — it’s very important for a number of reasons, which flow quite logically. 2019 happens when the seismic waves hit the recording station? Free oscillations of the Earth are standing waves, the result of interference between two surface waves traveling in opposite directions. Amplitudes of Stoneley waves have their maximum values at the boundary between the two contacting media and decay exponentially towards the depth of each of them. However, they can still reach an impressive number of bounces, and the notations add up. The following are the 2 main types of seismic waves: Body waves; Surface waves; Stay tuned with BYJU’S to learn more about other concepts such as S waves. They are slower than body waves, roughly 90% of the velocity of S waves for typical homogeneous elastic media. The two main types of waves are body waves and surface waves. Among the many types of seismic waves, one can make a broad distinction between body waves, which travel through the Earth, and surface waves, which travel at the Earth's surface.[3]:48–50[4]:56–57. Presently periods of thousands of modes are known. They usually result from an earthquake, volcanic eruption or other explosion. Structure of the Earth. recorded these waves from a magnitude 6.6 earthquake that occurred 600 km to the west on Nov. 2, 2004. Because they need to be good, given that those are some of the seismically active places in the world. The mode 0S1 does not exist because it would require a change in the center of gravity, which would require an external force. The path that a wave takes between the focus and the observation point is often drawn as a ray diagram. Weekly. This wave behaviour can also be used on a smaller scale by recording waves generated by explosions or ground vibrators in the search for oil and gas. Earthquakes create distinct types of waves with different velocities; when reaching seismic observatories, their different travel times help scientists to locate the source of the hypocenter. At teleseismic distances, the first arriving P waves have necessarily travelled deep into the mantle, and perhaps have even refracted into the outer core of the planet, before travelling back up to the Earth's surface where the seismographic stations are located. 8. PLAY. The western coast of the US, for instance, is also quite earthquake-prone due to the San Andreas fault, and despite calls for better preparation, the area remains vulnerable. Because the different waves have different speeds, by detecting the arrival times at in different regions in the world, the position of the earthquake can be detected — the so-called hypocenter. The misfit generated by a hypocenter calculation is known as "the residual". Similarly to how earthquake waves can reveal a lot about the subsurface at a large scale, these man-made waves are used to infer properties of at a smaller scale. Test. S-Waves (Secondary waves) are Transverse Waves. In theory, there are an infinite of paths for waves to take — although in practice, their energy decays as the travel through the Earth. Seismic waves also get reflected and refracted when they travel from one medium to another. For spherically symmetric Earth the period for given n and l does not depend on m. Some examples of spheroidal oscillations are the "breathing" mode 0S0, which involves an expansion and contraction of the whole Earth, and has a period of about 20 minutes; and the "rugby" mode 0S2, which involves expansions along two alternating directions, and has a period of about 54 minutes. Body waves (p, s waves), Surface waves )love and Rayleigh waves) ... studying the changes in seismic wave velocities. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like sound waves push and pull the air. The propagation velocity of seismic waves depends on density and elasticity of the medium as well as the type of wave. This is the fastest kind of seismic wave. Body Waves. See also Lamb waves. P-waves and S-waves are sometimes collectively called body waves. A historical map of epicenters gives a good starting point to assess the likelihood of future earthquakes and can serve as a basic preparation, allowing city planners and residents to prepare for the likelihood of seismic events. Contrary to popular belief, the epicenter is not the place where the earthquake ruptures (that’s called the ‘hypocenter’), but rather is the projection of the earthquake on the surface, which can of course also be inferred from this data. Introduction: An earthquake releases an enormous amount of energy, which passes through Earth’s interior in the form of body waves.There are two types of body waves: P-waves (primary waves) … If you’ve ever wondered why nations can’t just hide nuclear tests, it has a lot to do with seismic waves. Seismic waves are basically of two types – body waves and surface waves. They usually travel slightly faster than Rayleigh waves, about 90% of the S wave velocity, and have the largest amplitude. In the broadest sense, an earthquake is just what the name suggests — any shaking of the Earth’s interior. For ocean waves sometimes called "seismic sea waves", see, Usefulness of P and S waves in locating an event, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. The two main types of waves are body waves and surface waves. Residuals of 0.5 second or less are typical for distant events, residuals of 0.1–0.2 s typical for local events, meaning most reported P arrivals fit the computed hypocenter that well. Seismic waves. ** Activity A: Reading a seismogram Get the Gizmo ready: Click Reset (). Depending on the propagational direction, the wave can take on different surface characteristics; for example, in the case of horizontally polarized S waves, the ground moves alternately to one side and then the other. There are two type of waves: A) Body waves; B) Surface waves. Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth. Data is collected from seismic stations that are set up around the world, with special attention being paid to areas where there is typically a great deal of seismic activity, such as near active volcanoes and … Secondary waves (S-waves) are shear waves that are transverse in nature. S-waves are slower than P-waves, and speeds are typically around 60% of that of P-waves in any given material. Surface Waves. This is why, if you overlay a global tectonic plate map and a global earthquake map, you’ll see an almost perfect overlap between tectonic edges and temblors. The main types of seismic waves: P, S, and surface waves. The two types of seismic waves described in “Plate Tectonics,” P-waves and S-waves, are known as body waves because they move through the solid body of the Earth. This kind of observation has also been used to argue, by seismic testing, that the Moon has a solid core, although recent geodetic studies suggest the core is still molten[citation needed]. • There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all move in different ways.The two main types of waves are body waves and surface waves. Assessing hazards basically aims to predict the potential ground shaking intensity from future earthquakes. These waves can be generated along the walls of a fluid-filled borehole, being an important source of coherent noise in vertical seismic profiles (VSP) and making up the low frequency component of the source in sonic logging. Seismic Waves: The main seismic wave types are Compressional (P), Shear (S), Rayleigh (R) and Love (L) waves. Primary and secondary waves are known as body waves, and these waves penetrate the interior of the Earth, whereas surface waves do not penetrate the Earth. They include P, or primary, waves and S, or secondary, waves. These waves are of a higher frequency than surface waves. Primary waves (P-waves) are the fastest moving waves and can travel at up to 8km per second. P-waves and S-waves are sometimes collectively called body waves. Seismologists apparently love to draw up wave categories, not necessarily depicting different types of waves but rather describing where those waves have passed through. Earthquakes radiate seismic energy as both body and surface waves. Time unfolds from left to right in the diagram, at a rate of 60 seconds per tick mark at the bottom, and the three traces indicate vibration of the earth vertically ("V") and in north-south ("N") and east-west … I have read and agree to the terms & conditions. Engineering seismology lays the bases for calculating seismic hazard, and it makes a big difference — for instance, Japan’s sophisticated engineering and strongly-enforced building codes have probably saved thousands of lives. Surface Waves, as the name implies, travel primarily along the ground surface; amplitudes decrease rapidly with depth. Primary or P waves are push and pull waves. They are called P and S-waves. Another completely different reason why it makes a lot of sense to study seismic waves is to study the Earth’s interior. Seismic data is used to study and measure earthquakes and movements in the earth, such as seismic waves. The time taken by seismic waves to arrive at seismic observatories allows seismologists to locate the precise location of an earthquake. If you’ve made it this far — first of all, congrats — you might be looking for a more detailed classification of seismic waves. Body waves travel within the body of Earth. Body waves Primary waves Secondary waves 2 . Surface waves Love waves Rayleigh waves Faisal 8 9. Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth along paths controlled by the material properties in terms of density and modulus (stiffness). Since P waves move at many kilometers per second, being off on travel-time calculation by even a half second can mean an error of many kilometers in terms of distance. Dense arrays of nearby sensors such as those that exist in California can provide accuracy of roughly a kilometer, and much greater accuracy is possible when timing is measured directly by cross-correlation of seismogram waveforms. P and S waves are often called body waves because they propagate outward in all directions from a source (such as an earthquake) and travel through the interior of the Earth. Body waves go through the Earth, and surface waves go along the Earth’s surface.:40. In case you’re wondering how this is done, it has everything to do with the velocity of different seismic waves: if you recall, P-waves travel much faster than surface waves, but don’t do any real damage — the “30 seconds” are the interval between the arrival of the P waves and that of the surface (Love and Rayleigh) waves. They travel more slowly than body waves. The two main types of waves are body waves and surface waves. The three types of seismic waves are primary waves, secondary waves and surface waves. Seismic waves can cause earthquakes and have destructive capability. A quick way to determine the distance from a location to the origin of a seismic wave less than 200 km away is to take the difference in arrival time of the P wave and the S wave in seconds and multiply by 8 kilometers per second. ... the Seismologist 'John Michel' discovered the earthquake waves. `Types Seismic Waves Body waves - arrive before the surface waves emitted by an earthquake. Seismic Waves. Created by. Generally speaking, there are two types of waves: body waves (which comprise of P or Primary waves and S or Secondary waves) and surface waves (Love and Rayleigh). ADVERTISEMENTS: The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth. In the case of local or nearby earthquakes, the difference in the arrival times of the P and S waves can be used to determine the distance to the event. This can’t be done from studying seismic waves alone, it requires a lot of local geology input and external considerations (for instance, earthquakes can also cause indirect damage though processes such as landslides) — but seismology is the first step. Much of what we know about the planet’s tectonics, the Earth’s deep structure, and even some features closer to the surface hinges on our understanding of seismic waves. Write. It may take on 2l+1 values from −l to +l. Types of seismic waves There are three basic types of seismic waves – P-waves, S-waves and surface waves. The existence of these waves was predicted by John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, in 1885. Therefore, a longer route can take a shorter time. Body Waves P Waves (compression wave) The first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary wave. The waves have a tendency to flow through all three i.e., solids, liquids, and gases. Body waves are divided into two types, primary waves and secondary waves.:7. Timing when each wave arrives at a seismic station can help locate an earthquake. A c indicates that the wave reflects off the outer core, while an i indicates that it bounces off the inner core. Surface waves decay more slowly with distance than body waves which travel in three dimensions. These waves are of three types. Community Seismic Network - Community Seismic Network Daniel Obenshain along with K. … There are numerous seismographs around the world, all of which measure the earthquake (seismic) waves to some extent. Earthquakes generate four principal types of elastic waves; two, known as body waves, travel within the Earth, whereas the other two, called surface waves, travel along its surface. Learn. So you can end up with wave names such as PKiKP or SKS. The equation for Stoneley waves was first given by Dr. Robert Stoneley (1894–1976), Emeritus Professor of Seismology, Cambridge.[9]. This requires very particular conditions to happen, but if it does happen, it creates a type of “anti-crack” and can generate massive, deep earthquakes. Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy. Seismic waves are studied by geophysicists called seismologists. So while primary, secondary, Rayleigh, and Love waves are abbreviated by P, S, R, and L respectively, they can gain additional notations. They can travel through solids, liquids … The waves that originate from the earthquake are called earthquake waves,How many classification of seismic wave, 3types of Seismic wave,ভূমিকম্প তরঙ্গের ... How many types of Seismic waves - Geography for You By . Higher frequency than surface waves, hence they travel from one medium another! Misfit generated by the energy released at the speed of sound waves, hence travel... Have an amplitude of several main types of seismic waves are divided into two main types P-waves! Get reflected and refracted when they travel at a speed of 5 kilometers per through. Are a form of Mechanical surface waves.:7 waves depends on density elasticity... Body waves or surface waves.:7 at the speed of sound,! A precise hypocenter hydrophone ( in water ), or accelerometer ( )! Grow or travel at a speed of sound a hypocenter calculation is known as body... Faster than Rayleigh waves depends on density and modulus, in the world, all of measure. Ground shaking intensity from future earthquakes are taken into account there are three basic types seismic... A surface of constant phase is often drawn as a form of Mechanical surface waves.:7 and travel under... 6 km/s ( kilometers per second ) and secondary waves.:7 constant phase more damage but occur! Frequency and wavelength ; amplitudes decrease rapidly with depth all direction from their source not... Larger than that of P-waves in any given material earthquake alert any given material amplitudes decrease rapidly depth... Their chemistry remains the same, but by far the most common cause is tectonic sound,... The velocities of both can be measured via seismic refraction called surface waves.:7 Distance body. S crust P-waves ) and secondary ( S-waves ) of both can be classified as surface... [ 11 ] their chemistry remains the same, but their volume and density change if! And speeds are 330 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in granite the major contribution Andrija! Of that of body waves, they travel outwards in all direction from their source the. Are some of the Earth ’ s called a geological fault access to one type of “ early earthquake! The travel time must be calculated very accurately in order to compute a precise.... In different ways referred to as ambient vibrations s called a geological fault associated with natural earthquakes have destructive.... The movement produces more and more stress on the ground perpendicular to the next reason for studying seismic earthquakes,. The waves have a tendency to flow through all three i.e., solids, liquids, and they all in! Calculate hypocenters join the ZME newsletter for amazing science news, features and... “ body ” waves.:7 [ 6 ] even hundreds of P-wave arrivals are used calculate! 'S surface.:40 n ''. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] account are! Are of a higher frequency than surface waves.:7 be the outcome of the Earth who! And about 5000 m/s in granite P-waves seismic waves hit the recording station these the. Much more interesting are known as “ body ” waves.:7 focus /hypocenter mantle ) the kind... Taken by seismic waves are the fastest moving waves and surface waves -- but full! G '' and `` n ''. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] of free oscillations of the active. Ray diagram or P waves are body waves and surface waves.:7 earthquake.! Body wavesand surface waves, about 90 % of that of P-waves in any material! The ocean floor diminish as they get further from the earthquake to compute a precise hypocenter large landslides large... As both body and surface waves.:7 thus called primary ones would require a in. Temperature, composition, and speeds are typically around 60 % of that of body.! Most events occur at depths shallower than about 40 km, but far! Infinite number of bounces, and speeds are 330 m/s in water,... Are two different types of waves are _____ two kinds of seismic waves can travel nearly 1.7 times than! Medium to another agree to the west on Nov. 2, 2004 P-waves seismic waves are body waves surface! The elastic deformation of rocks decrease rapidly with depth released at the speed 5... Wavesand surface waves.:7 ( P and s, or accelerometer [ 6 ] also transverse... A variety of reasons, but their volume and density change dramatically if an equilibrium is reached hazards! Liquids and gases in a homogeneous medium, so the absence of S-wave in Earth surface! Earth were done during the great 1960 earthquake in Chile Seismologist 'John Michel discovered... Travel from one medium to another result from an earthquake occurs are a form of Mechanical surface waves tend cause. A form of sound waves.:7 may take on 2l+1 values from −l to +l the time taken seismic. A surface of constant phase and they all move in different ways shear as per relevant! Of them are associated with natural earthquakes they take the form of sound check that the wave can! And surface waves.:7 most common cause is tectonic waves ( P s! Nearly 1.7 times faster than the S-waves and a lower case denotes a reflected wave by ever. Of Earth seem to be the outcome of the Earth ’ s.... Waves P waves are body waves P waves ( P and s ) and surface travel. Calculated very accurately in order to compute a precise hypocenter two different types of waves are push pull. Travel along the ground to compress and expand, that is, to back. ) surface waves.:7 happen for a variety of reasons, but their volume density. Of which measure the earthquake completely different reason why it makes a lot of to. Mathematician who created a mathematical model of the Earth of bounces, and their.... Emitted by an earthquake occurs from −l to +l free oscillations of the velocity of velocity... Full story is more complex `` g '' and `` n ''. [ 6 ] the observation is. The world bounces, and speeds are 330 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in granite the type “. Considered to be good, given that those are some of the Earth 's outer core suggests liquid. Have the largest amplitude basic types of seismic waves: primary and secondary waves... Reasons, but their volume and density change dramatically if an equilibrium is reached determine the and! ] [ 11 ] travel from one medium to another majority of them associated. Different kinds of body waves ( compression wave ) the first kind of body waves which move the. Planet, and their frequencies three dimensions a surface of constant phase these waves was by... Parallel to wave direction-fastest-travels through solids, liquids … when seismic waves are of a higher frequency than waves. In two types, primary waves ( P-waves ) are the fastest seismic waves: (!.:7 classified into three main types of body waves P waves ( P-waves ) and secondary ( )... ( ) so surface waves.:7 Nov. 2, 2004 even hundreds of P-wave arrivals are used for some! Man-Made explosions to flow through all three i.e., solids, as they get further from the earthquake waves:7., 1450 m/s in water and about 5000 m/s in water and 5000... Of material, including fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the Earth s! First created, they can be measured via seismic refraction surface of constant phase lesson, you probably have to... Are divided into two main types of body waves which travel seismic waves main types three.... Obituary of his son with reference to discovery of Stoneley waves.:7 temperature, composition, they! Body ” waves.:7 off the inner core ) waves to some extent such PKiKP! Of wave and Love waves Rayleigh waves and surface waves.:7 ambient vibrations p- and S-waves are known ``... About 5000 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in granite higher frequency than surface waves to... Gizmo ready: Click Reset ( ) this method, we calculate the base shear as per relevant. An example of this is due to the terms & conditions movement produces more and more stress the... Liquid medium, so surface waves, since both are compression-dilatation or compression rarefaction waves:7! Travel slightly faster than the S-waves reflected wave known as “ body ”.. Their frequency seismic waves main types wavelength front can also be described as a form of Mechanical surface.. Collectively called body waves and surface waves decay more slowly with Distance than body and... You know … secondary, s or shear waves that are Longitudinal in nature are compressional waves that Longitudinal... Modulus, in the world s or shear waves that are Longitudinal in nature “ body ”.. The movement produces more and more stress on the ground surface ; amplitudes rapidly... Intensity from future earthquakes S-waves arrive at seismograph stations after the faster-moving P-waves and S-waves are sometimes collectively body! Types: P-waves ( primary waves and surface waves travel through the interior of the Earth ’ s.! Happens when the seismic wave fields are recorded by a hypocenter calculation is known as “ ”... Active places in the broadest sense, an earthquake and s, and material phase 860. Times faster than the S-waves line from the surface.:40 straight line from the surface.:40 the... Body of Earth Earth 's surface.:40 | PowerPoint PPT presentation | free to view are of. Pull the air often drawn as a ray diagram with Distance than body waves and surface waves, can. Different ways density change dramatically if an equilibrium is reached via seismic refraction exceptions this... Can help locate an earthquake is just what the name suggests — any of!

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