what is a trace element in biology

To borrow an idea from Bradshaw (66), it also seems to me that trace-element science and nutritional science, more broadly, is an excellent example of “The Blind Men and the Elephant.” This poem, by the American poet John Godfrey Saxe (1816–1887), based on a fable told in India many years ago, reads in part: Just as Bradshaw (66) commented about the future of the journal “Molecular and Cellular Proteomics” of which he was editor, it similarly appears that as long as those six blind men talk and interact wisely the elephant will be well cared for. It could be asked, therefore, what is the relationship between the structure of cell surface carbohydrates in eukaryotes and boron availability/levels. In normal levels, they are important for stabilization of the cellular structures, but in deficiency states may stimulate alternate pathways and cause diseases. The Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the roles played by trace elements in medical and biological systems. 2017; 40: 104. It is ubiquitous, being present in nature in amounts higher than most trace elements. See more. Aoba T, Fejerskov O. 2020; 138: 109772, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. Parenthetically, it is also interesting that geneticists are now arguing that the noncoding output of the genome (e.g., noncoding RNAs) functions in gene regulating networks (19, 20) and it will be exciting to learn how trace elements might function via and/or interact with the “RNome” (21). These are related to research, its nature and the institutional framework in which it is conducted; the multidisciplinary approach must be fostered and this will require infrastructural changes in the way the science is investigated, including the nature of scientific collaboration and the need to acquire new skills (biomedical scientists in mathematics, statistics, kinetics) and so on. Particularly important will be the development of generic techniques, as has been accomplished in molecular and cellular biology, to monitor many hundreds of metabolites, possibly accomplished with the aid of novel biosensors, such as those exploiting fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) (54, 55). Hart EB, Steenbock H, Waddell J, Elvehjem CA. One might speculate, however, that one reason for the invitation is that even for one who has been interested primarily in amino acid and protein metabolism, a link with trace elements can be identified even as far back as the beginning of life itself; thus, about 4 billion years ago, according to one general theory based on a hydrothermal origin of life on Earth, autotrophic metabolism of low molecular weight constituents, including amino acids and peptides, emerged in a pressurized iron-sulfur world or an environment of iron-sulfide and hot magmatic exhalations (7) for which there is growing supportive evidence (8). 2018; 115: 436, Journal of Health and Pollution. Published as a supplement to The Journal of Nutrition. There are seven essential trace elements described in humans: chromium, copper, cobalt, iodine, iron, selenium, and zinc.There is no known use for cobalt except as part of vitamin B12. Franklin RB, Costello LC. Metabolism 1992;41:1087-92. 2017; 121(38): 9024, Comparative Clinical Pathology. In particular, there has been a strong emphasis on the details of the molecular mechanisms responsible for trace element uptake, movement, homeostasis and function. Int J Nutr Metab 2012;4:45-50. Such an effort would, furthermore, bring into sharper focus and contact a great deal of basic biology with the more applied research findings and this would measurably enhance knowledge on nutritional aspects of trace elements in man and animals. mostump. Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: Review of the literature from 1985 to 2000. Am J Physiol 1934;107:146-56. Muth OH, Oldfield JE, Remmert LF, Schubert JR. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the muscle diseases. Sex- and sexual maturation-related aspects of the element accumulation in soft tissues of the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. Additionally, in terms of deficiencies we need to ask, for example, which of the multiple functions of zinc (e.g., 25) and/or mechanisms that account for the essentiality of zinc in the animal organism are more or less vulnerable to a change in the availability of this element. The elements belonging to this group are sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sulfur. Newer aspects of the roles of zinc, manganese, and copper in human nutrition. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co. Limited; 1983. p. 81-102. Anderson RA. Based on A. Ajami (personal communication). Their daily requirement for an adult human is above 100 mg/day. They are also called as principal elements or macro elements. 2016; © Journal of Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences | Published by Wolters Kluwer -. 2019; 34(3): 460. Although all this needs development and testing, there are potentially many new challenges to metabolic phenotyping and real opportunities for developing and establishing new approaches and/or paradigms to characterize the trace element dependent metabolome. Rehnberg GL, Hein JF, Carter SD, Linko RS, Laskey JW. A trace element is any chemical element that is present in minute amounts in an environment or ecosystem. Gustavsson P, Jakobsson R, Johansson H, Lewin F, Norell S, Rutkvist LE. trace element - an element that occurs at very small quantities in the body but is nonetheless important for many biological processes chemical element, element - any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter Essential trace elements: Boron, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. chris_moorefield; Subjects. 2019; Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. In reasonable contrast to the genome, and like the proteome, the metabolome is not stable over time. Trace Element Biology: The Knowledge Base and its Application for the Nutrition of Individuals and Populations ii) Is the formation and /or activity of one or many of the zinc-finger proteins (28) or of the 700+ genes (29) that encode these transcription factors affected early on in the development of the depletion of zinc pools; or iii) is DNA repair and replication (30) more immediately and profoundly altered and could this effect be detected and localized at the single cell level by new and modified comet assays (31)? The nutritional relationships of copper. Paternain JL, Domingo JL, Corbella J. Developmental toxicity of cobalt in the rat. 2020; Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. i) Is there an initial and well-defined acceleration of one or more apoptotic pathways (a group of genetically encoded cell death programs) (26, 27) in cells, such as precursor lymphocytes that can be obtained relatively easily for evaluation? Areca nut in any form have high level of soluble copper in them, The tissue of submucous fibrosis patients had increased copper and decreased zinc and iron than the normal patients. Instrumentation Science & Technology. 2020; : 112769, International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. The sensor contains a release tag, which upon the action of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway liberates the release tag. Frieden E. The evolution of metals as essential elements (with special reference to iron and copper). In submucous fibrosis patients, the serum levels showed decreased copper and increased zinc and iron contents than the normal patients. Systemic Impact of Trace Elements on Human Health and Diseases: Nutrition, Toxicity, and Beyond Last update August 2020 Isotope metaprobes, nutrition and the roads ahead, Trends in tracer techniques including use of positron emission tomography, Metabolism 2000: the emperor needs new clothes, Iron deficiency and iron overload: effects of diet and genes, Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and cancer: trials and tribulations, Matrix metalloproteinases: they're not just for matrix anymore! 2017; Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2020; 1436: 012072, Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Zinc. 2020; : 1, Current Nutrition & Food Science. Chromium (V) and hydroxyl radical formation during the glutathione reductase-catalyzed reduction of chromium (VI). In 1927, the writer, with Davidson en, made the first attempt to Nevertheless, we need to appreciate and understand that an integration of “_omes and _omics” is ultimately the key to the resolution of complex trace element/nutritional problems. The list of abbreviations related to JTEMB - Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. Kamberi B, Hoxha V, Kqiku L, Pertl C. The manganese content of human permanent teeth. iv) What are the time lines involved? Importance of Trace Elements in the Human Body. These have major ramifications for the way by which we might widen and improve approaches for assessment of trace element nutritional status and needs, especially in humans. Nutr Rev 1980;38:151-4. It is clear to me, as we consider linking genotype to phenotype through the various biological levels of complexity at which trace elements exert their influence, that there are multiple and different kinds of challenges for us to face and resolve. 3 kinds of particles. Trace element micronutrients such as iron, copper, and zinc are essential for the survival of humans, plants, and pathogens, and thus occupy an important intersection of biology and medicine. 2019; : e00142, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. It catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate, and they (9) show it is a target for regulation by iron regulatory proteins; a nice example of a connection between a trace element and the macronutrient metabolism with which I have been mainly interested. Lieu PT, Heiskala M, Peterson PA, Yang Y. 2016; Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. Adv Exp Med Biol 1974;48:1-29. J Nutr 1998;128 12 Suppl:2783S-9. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 1993;7:19-24. This is the Citationsy guide to Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology citations, reference lists, in-text citations, and bibliographies. Some approaches used to estimate the quantitative requirements for trace elements1. Hum Mol Genet 2001;10:2181-6. Favier M, Faure P, Roussel AM, Coudray C, Blache D, Favier A. Zinc deficiency and dietary folate metabolism in pregnant rats. 2017; Environmental Science and Pollution Research. To further emphasize: a) the activity of the DNA binding domain of the retinoic acid receptor (containing two zinc fingers) is diminished in a pro-oxidant environment with release of zinc from the zinc-finger motif (32). 2020; 6(1). 2019; 191(3), Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2018; ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. Cobalt. 2019; 29(6): 640, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. (, Young, V. R., Borgonha, S. & Ajami, A. M. (, Burke, W., Imperatore, G. & Reyes, M. (, Coussens, L. M., Fingleton, B. 2020; physica status solidi (a). Diabetes Care 2004;27:2741-51. 2019; : 112061, chemistry of plant raw material. An abnormal trace element in biology. Although a plant's primary nutritional needs are mostly met through nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), they also require small amounts … Watson TD. The essential trace elements, such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Co, if deficient, are compensated, whereas other trace elements, for example Hg, Cr, Mo, etc., may react as true therapeutic agents. Biology Chapter 2 46 Terms. Bowen HJ. & Yoder, H. S., Jr. (, Gil, R., Sabater-Munoz, B., Latorre, A., Silva, F. T. & Moya, A. Kolkata: Arunabha Sen Book and Allied (P) Ltd.; 2008. p. 210-27. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007;463:211-7. Biology Two Chapter Two. 2017; ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering. Molybdenum is an essential trace element for several enzymes important to animal and plant metabolism: mammalian xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase, formate dehydrogenase, nitrate reductase and nitrogenase. All of this is related to our common goal to promote, through expanded biological knowledge and its effective application, the enhanced role of trace elements for human well-being. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2008;5:418-22. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67 5 Suppl:960S-4. • TRACE ELEMENT (noun) The noun TRACE ELEMENT has 1 sense:. Clin Chem 1980;26:185-9. This is another challenge and it should not be underestimated. It follows then that it is essential to study these networks, including metabolic control and metabolites, if we are to achieve new insights into trace-element dependent function/status/disease in people. It will take some imagination as to what metabolic/physiologic pathway might be probed and with what particular sensor; for copper might this include a catecholamine sensor or with molybdenum a suitable sensor of purine formation and catabolism? 2017; Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. The lack of good dose response biological data characterizes so much of the knowledge base of human nutrient requirements. J Nutr 1979;109:1979-2066. A conspectus of research on copper metabolism and requirements of man. Nutrition classics. 2020; 928: 072090. Trace elements refers to "elements that occurs in natural and perturbed environments in small amounts and that, when present in sufficient bioavailable concentrations are toxic to living organism." b) There is a zinc “sensing” receptor involved in intracellular calcium mobilization and signaling (33, 34), and c) mobilization of calcium induces nitric oxide, which releases zinc from metallothionein (35). Also, if boron is involved in calcium function (64, 65), should we examine calcium-boron relations in soft tissues with particular reference to structure-function relationships. Biol Trace Elem Res 1980;2:91-107. 2020; 21(23): 9259, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1990;1:261-81. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999;37:201-6. Diet and skin disease in dogs and cats. 2019; Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. Khanna S. Immunological and biochemical markers in oral carcinogenesis: The public health perspective. The elements belonging to these groups are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. An interdisciplinary research and teaching enterprise will be necessary to best achieve this aim. 2017; 24(12): 11309. Conference summary and recommendations, Requirement of borate cross-linking of cell wall rhamnogalacturonan II for, Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal woman, Evidence for the nutritional essentiality of boron. STUDY. Antioxidants and cancer. However, not so impressive are: i) the precise recognition of mild trace element deficiencies and how to establish their functional consequences, possibly confounded by concurrent trace element inadequacies, are difficult to assess, ii) approaches to the quantitative determination of requirements for trace elements remain unsatisfactory and archaic, in so many ways, iii) our understanding of the extent of the biological basis for the variation in requirements among apparently similar individuals is poor, and iv) much needs to be learned about the quantitative extent to which genetic, epigenetic and dietary factors interact to determine the nutritional phenotype. Languages. Chlorophyll fluorescence, dark respiration and metabolomic analysis of Halodule pinifolia reveal potential heat responsive metabolites and biochemical pathways under ocean warming. Vasudevan DM, Sreekumari S. Text Book of Biochemistry for Medical Students. (, Goff, S. A., Ricke, D., Lan, T. H., Presting, G., Wang, R., Dunn, M., Glazebrook, J., Sessions, A., Oeller, P., Varma, H., Hadley, D. & Hutchison, D. (, Donangelo, C. M., Woodhouse, L. R., King, S. M., Viteri, F. E. & King, J. C. (, Hess, S. Y., Zimmermann, M. B., Adou, P., Torresani, T. & Hurrell, R. F. (, McGlynn, A. P., Wasson, G., O'Connor, J., McKerr, G., McKelvey-Martin, V. J. B. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006;36:155-63. These are deceptively complex issues that require an answer if diets are to be optimized with respect to trace element content and balance. From a chimera to a view of reality, Visualization of maltose uptake in living yeast cells by fluorescent nanosensors, The revolution in microanalytic chemistry: a macro-opportunity for clinical nutrition, Positron emission tomography provides molecular imaging of biological processes, Pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging: a new application for functional MRI, Interpreting functional imaging studies in terms of neurotransmitter cycling, Improving human nutrition through agriculture: the role of international agricultural research. Specifically, does the zinc deficient phenotype differ under varying degrees of antioxidant nutrient status? Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1993;65:233-40. Van Rij AM, Thomson CD, McKenzie JM, Robinson MF. Essential trace elements are needed for many physiological and biochemical processes in both plants and animals. Role of chromium in human health and in diabetes. These elements mediate vital biochemical reactions by acting as cofactors for many enzymes, as well as act as centers for stabilizing structures of enzymes and proteins. This can be measured in a suitable biological sample, by means of such techniques as ELISA or mass spectrometry, at specified times after administration of the sensor (or metaprobe). This might be extremely difficult to achieve in any comprehensive way, but I don't see a major alternative or otherwise simple way forward. Together with the aid of informatic tools, this technology- and data-rich approach could be a new basis for exploring the consequences of altered trace element status and function and for identifying underlying mechanisms. Among the various challenges listed earlier in Table 1 were ways to improve intakes and balances among trace elements and other nutrients so as to enhance the role of diet in health promotion and maintenance. I was honored to have been asked to help close what has been to me a truly exciting and informative TEMA 11. As already mentioned, the challenges here are even more interesting, as well as complex, when the interaction among trace elements and other nutrients is duly considered. (, Pearce, L. L., Grandley, R. E., Han, W., Wasserloos, K., Stitt, M., Kanai, A. J., McLaughlin, M. K., Pitt, B. R. & Leviton, E. S. (, Institute of Medicine/Food and Nutrition Board (, McKie, A. T., Barrow, D., Latunde-Dada, G. O., Rolfs, A., Sager, G., Mudaly, E., Mudaly, M., Richardson, C., Barlow, D., Bomford, A., Peters, T. J., Raja, K. B., Shirali, S., Hediger, M. A., Farzaneh, F. & Simpson, R. J. Turnlund JR. Human whole-body copper metabolism. Effect of minerals on dental caries. This raises the possibility of i) conducting differential enzyme displays, where as many as 40–50 enzymes can be measured for titer by immunoassay and activity measured with fluorescent substrates on easily accessible matrices such as blood, saliva, urine, synovial fluids, and/or ii) developing enzyme sensor signatures that, for example, assess the inflammatory response where lymphocyte ectopeptidases and/or convertases and apoptotic enzymes, and/or matrix, and/or metalloproteases could be determined. This meeting was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and by donations from Akzo Nobel Chemicals, Singapore; California Dried Plum Board, California; Cattlemen's Beef Board and National Cattlemen's Beef Association, Colorado; Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, University of California, Davis; Dairy Council of California, California; GlaxoSmith Kline, New Jersey; International Atomic Energy Agency, Austria; International Copper Association, New York; International Life Sciences Institute Research Foundation, Washington, D.C.; International Zinc Association, Belgium; Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Indiana; Minute Maid Company, Texas; Perrier Vittel Water Institute, France; U.S. Borax Inc., California; USDA/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, California; Wyeth-Ayerst Global Pharmaceuticals, Pennsylvania. [S Ghosh, A Sharma, G Talukder] PMID 1283692 . The Standard Abbreviation (ISO4) of Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology is “J Trace Elem Med Biol”.ISO 4 (Information and documentation – Rules for the abbreviation of title words and titles of publications) is an international standard, defining a uniform system for the abbreviation of serial publication titles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;163:627-34. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans. New Delhi: Jaypee Publication; 2007. p. 76-91. Obviously a zinc, copper or molybdenum deficiency doesn't necessarily occur within a day of inadequate intake or of increased losses. During the last decades there has been a great deal of scientific investigation about the function and binding of trace elements. Match. 2017; The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. Keywords: Analytical methods, body function, health, trace elements. Much of this information depends on the success of the type of research effort alluded to above, with an especially strong focus on the systems biology of trace elements in man and animals. Iodine. Furthermore, although mild-moderate zinc deficiency is associated with symptoms such as poor appetite, impaired taste and smell, and poor growth, they are nonspecific and as Black and Miguel (24) state “…it is challenging to identify zinc deficiency with certainty.” This could equally be said of most, if not all, of the other trace elements. 2018; 1170: 24, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. As David Baker (39) said some time ago “Nutrition scientists often avoid projects entailing determination of nutrient requirements. Ciba Foundation Symposium. Adverse effects of zinc deficiency: A review from the literature. Trace elements play essential roles in the maintenance of physiological processes. Spell. I will later make a point about the need for a reconstructionist undertaking to compliment and exploit the reductionist paradigm that has been so successful, with the sequencing of the smallest genomes containing ∼396 protein coding genes (13) to larger and larger genomes, including those of humans (14, 15) and of two subspecies of rice (16, 17), being prime examples. Anemia and iron deficiency in heart failure. atom. Their role is not clear and they may be essential. What are trace elements? Dental fluorosis: Chemistry and biology. Rajendran R, Vasudevan DM, Vijayakumar T. Serum levels of iron and proteins in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). 2020; : 2000107, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. Zinc in the nutrition of the rat. Halsted JA, Smith JC Jr, Irwin MI. Selenium-responsive diseases of animals in New Zealand. Chromium and parenteral nutrition. Most chemical elements that are ingested by organisms are in the form of simple compounds. Finally, and perhaps realistically, it is now ever more important for all of us interested in advancing nutritional science, and its application, to interact broadly and actively as biological knowledge and the technological and informational bases upon which we depend for our livelihood and understanding continue to expand and develop at an extraordinary pace. J Hum Nutr 1974;32:165-77. N Z Vet J 1968;16:3-17. The entry into animal systems in vivo is related to the mode o … The trace elements that have a specific biochemical function in the human body are sulfur, iron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, iodine, and selenium. Andrews NC. Iodine is important in thyroid metabolism, but has no known potential role in HIV in the absence of thyroid disease. 2019; (4): 293, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. The general or conceptual framework of the approach that we have initiated is illustrated in Figure 1. Christiansen JM, Poulsen OM, Thomsen M. A short-term cross-over study on oral administration of soluble and insoluble cobalt compounds: Sex differences in biological levels. Text Book of Biological Role of Copper. A conspectus of research on zinc requirements of man. The Relation of Selected Trace Elements to Health and Disease. J Radiat Res 1962;3:4-8. This would lead to significant and meaningful advances in trace element nutrition. Atkin's PW, Shriver DF. J Toxicol Environ Health 1982;9:175-88. Group II: These are nutritionally important minerals. Zinc is a cofactor of all six classes of enzymes (25) including matrix metalloproteinases (50, 51), and ∼3% of mammalian genes encode for zinc fingers that mediate interactions with DNA and protein-protein interactions. It was suggested that I try to link, including identifying some of the strengths and possible weaknesses of the contemporary research focus, the expanding knowledge on the basic biology of trace elements with concerns for the trace elements and nutrition of individuals and populations in various settings. Write. It was established in 1987 as the Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and … Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences. The most popular abbreviation for Journal Of Trace Elements In Medicine And Biology is: JTEMB 2nd ed. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Frieden E. The chemical elements of life. Use of tumor markers in the management of head and neck cancer. 2020; : 1, International Journal of Molecular Sciences. It is composed of 11 kinds of sugar monomers and forms dimers through boron, and it is essential for plant growth. N Z Agric 1968;18:1-6. Trace element, in biology, any chemical element required by living organisms in minute amounts (that is less than 0.1 percent by volume [1,000 parts per million]), usually as part of a vital enzyme (a cell-produced catalytic protein). The Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology focuses on the description and dissemination of scientific results concerning the role of trace elements with respect to their mode of … Strohman (42) illustrates his argument by listing the various biological levels at which regulation occurs (Table 3) and as the title to the introduction to the series of papers that included Strohman's (42) paper indicated, “It's not just the genes.” To paraphrase Strohman (40), it can be concluded from this perspective that nutritional (trace element) disease phenotypes are controlled not only by genes but also by lawful self-arranging networks that display system-wide dynamics. Yamagata N, Murata S, Torii T. The cobalt content of human body. Biochemical indicators: ceruloplasmin; SOD; plasma/platelet Cu conc. The foregoing leads us now briefly to the second entry on the list in Table 1, namely the determination of the requirements for trace elements by humans at different stages of life and under various physiological, dietary and environmental conditions. Janbhorbani, M., Ting, B. T. G., Istfan, N. W. & Young, V. R. (, Janghorbani, M., Martin, R. F., Kasper, L. J., Sun, X. F. & Young, V. R. (, Young, V. R., Lofgreen, G. P. & Luick, J. R. (, Young, V. R., Luick, J. R. & Lofgreen, G. P. (, Young, V. R., Richards, W. P. C., Lofgreen, G. P. & Luick, J. R. (, Cody, G. D., Boctor, N. Z., Filley, T. R., Hazer, R. M., Scott, J. H., Sharma, A. Group III: There are the essential trace elements. Perhaps it might also be productive to measure metabolite and multiple element concentrations in various body fluids. Another reason might be that we all easily connect via the small world of scientific networks (11) that tie us together in the different domains of nutritional science. 2019; 51: 86, Practical Laboratory Medicine. Clin Chem 1975;21:501-20. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2076-85. 2018; 10(51): 44290, Nanotechnologies in Russia. Although required in very small amounts, trace elements such as iron, iodine, fluoride, copper, zinc, chromium, selenium, manganese and molybdenum are vital for maintaining health. 2020; : 116094, Russian Chemical Bulletin. Presented as part of the 11th meeting of the international organization, “Trace Elements in Man and Animals (TEMA)” in Berkeley, California, June 2–6, 2002.

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