komatiite physical properties

No single T melt or T. crystallization All affect viscosity, explosivity. Année: 2008. Figure 9.10. A viscosity of 1–2 Pascal-seconds was estimated for dry komatiite containing 28% MgO, which compares with 500–1000 Pascal-seconds for typical basalts. Hill, RET 2001, Komatiite volcanology, volcanological setting and primary geochemical properties of komatiite-associated nickel deposits: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 1, p. 365–381. Fichier: PDF, 16,57 MB. 4.3.3-2d). To distinguish komatiite from other highly magnesian volcanic rocks, it is useful to include spinifex texture in the definition, yet not all komatiite flows have spinifex (Nesbitt, 1971). Thin syn-depositional komatiite sills that were intruded into unconsolidated sediment may have all of the above zones as well as sediment-matrix komatiite breccia (peperite) along the contacts. Stephen J. Barnes, Nicholas T. Arndt, in Earth's Oldest Rocks (Second Edition), 2019. These small pulses of lava may never have moved far from the feeder channel before ponding and crystallising beneath a thin elastic crust. This will be followed by a description of two notable Paleoproterozoic deposits, namely the Hotinvaara and Lomalampi deposits in the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt. Some of the deposits were modified by postmagmatic processes to various degrees (e.g., Vaara). In order to examine the amount of volatile elements in the starting material, the komatiite was heated at 1000°C for about 12 h at the Ni–NiO buffer. Anhydrous komatiite, containing 28% MgO, has a density of about 2800 kg m− 3, significantly higher than that of many rocks in the upper crust. If it is assumed that the source contained 50% olivine, 25% opx, 15% cpx, and 10% garnet and adopting literature values for partition coefficients [e.g., Green , 1994 ], the degree of melting is about 30%. A2—Random spinifex texture: Gradationally under A1, there is a layer of apparent needle-like, but actually blade-like, skeletal crystals of olivine with a random orientation (Figure 49.4(A)). However, lavas with hyaloclastite at the top imply that steam film collapse occurred and resulted in quench fragmentation. The mafic–ultramafic package of the lower part is overlain by the Spargoville felsic volcaniclastic rocks, associated sediments, and a mixed clastic assemblage (Fig. Picritic rocks (fine grained, usually basalt-like volcanic, ultramafic rocks) defined chemically as having < 53wt % SiO^2, ≥ 18 wt% MgO, <1% (Na 2 O+K 2 O) and or a field term for similar-appearing rocks exhibiting spinifex textures from coarse, platey, skeletal olivine and/or pyroxenes. A proportion of these are komatiite-derived, but the prevalent basalt type throughout the Archean is a characteristic plagioclase-saturated low-MgO tholeiite with rare earth element patterns that are nearly flat or slightly depleted in light elements (light rare earth element [LREE]). In this chapter we will first describe several Archean deposits, including three major deposits within the Kuhmo-Suomussalmi greenstone belt (Vaara, Hietaharju, and Peura-aho), the Tainiovaara deposit located in a greenstone relict in eastern Finland, and the Ruossakero and Sarvisoaivi deposits in the Enontekiö-Käsivarsi area of northwestern Finland. By continuing to browse this site you agree to us using cookies as described in … Flowage through these channels may have been very rapid and turbulent. [Nicholas Arndt, Petrologe; C Michael Leshner;] Home. Mesocumulate texture comprises crystals that are just touching each other. Search. Komatiite is a fragile magma. Faure et al. The left-hand drill core is 5 cm wide. Lesher, in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2016. Komatiites often show pillow lava structure, autobrecciated upper margins consistent with underwater eruption forming a rigid upper skin to the lava flows, under which considerable lava tubes and pools accumulate. The stratigraphic sequence around the Widgiemooltha dome can be explained in two parts. Pyke Hill, Ontario, Canada. The underlying layer of platy olivine spinifex has an organised structure wherein arrays of large bladed olivine crystals, possibly metres long, are oriented roughly perpendicular to the flow top (A3), forming sheaf-like structures that fan out from flow tops and serve as top indicators. B2—Cumulate texture: Crystals are equant to slightly elongate, and have a round morphology due to resorption. The bulk of surface cooling is spin dissipation. The best analogue is probably the sheet flows of continental flood basalt sequences. has previously been interpreted as an indication of a hot early Earth. On the other hand, meimechites, picrites and other rock types that contain no spinifex are excluded. In addition, a number of anomalies/prospects have been identified in both the flanks for exploration. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. serpentine) because of low-temperature alteration. Temperatures of volumetrically important magmas that are associated with specific ages. The texture forms as a result of constrained, in-situ crystallization of olivine or pyroxene during moderately rapid cooling of low-viscosity ultramafic liquid. The Dachine komatiite of French Guiana contains single diamonds of over 500 μm in size, which are predominantly resorbed octahedrons and cubes with typical surface characteristics indicative of a deep origin. 3.2.1 and Table 3.2.1). Haldar, in Platinum-Nickel-Chromium Deposits, 2017. Role of Solids, Liquids and Gas in Melts. WorldCat Home About WorldCat Help. Within the upper parts of komatiite flows (Fig. The PGE-enriched deposits also tend to be enriched in Cu compared to the PGE-poor deposits (e.g., Sarvisoaivi, Ruossakero, and Hotinvaara). 9.10), peak temperatures occurred in the early Archean. Faciès spinifex. Many of these enriched compositions are the result of crustal contamination of plume-derived tholeiites and/or komatiites, but conditions in subduction zones may also have changed with time. They have been classified as Ni-(Cu-PGE) and Ni-(Cu) deposits in this work, respectively. This change is attributed to a decline in the temperature of komatiite sources through time; ADKs formed at depths of greater than 300 km in mantle plumes with temperatures probably more than 400°C greater than ambient mantle, which itself was between 150 and 200°C hotter than present-day ambient mantle. When it flows rapidly past crustal rocks, it is capable of thermally eroding and assimilating them; if it ponds in a crustal magma chamber, it will fractionally crystallise and lose its ultramafic character. Komatiite, mainly of Archean and Proterozoic age, derived from high degrees of partially melted mantle at extremely high temperatures and very low viscosity, are significant targets for magmatic sulfide mineralization. Island, Colombia (Echeverria 1980), and a fourth type, Ti-rich komatiite occurs in the Baltic. Evidence of this is from their association with felsics, occurrences of komatiitic tuffs, Niobium anomalies and by S- and H2O-borne rich mineralizations. Slow cooling of stagnant lava in the tube allowed crystallization, forming the ortho- and mesocumulate textural zones. For komatiite to reach the surface it must flow rapidly and continuously, without pausing on its way. Magma = liquid + crystals + volatiles +Xenos. Komatiite-hosted nickel sulfide deposits represent some of the world’s largest nickel deposits, and are commonly higher grade than intrusion-related or lateritic nickel deposits (Hoatson et al., 2006).Western Australia hosts several world-class examples of komatiite-hosted nickel sulfide deposits, including Kambalda, Mt Keith and Perseverance (Hoatson et al., 2006). Komatiites were produced from a relatively wet mantle. Komatiite avec sa patine à l'affleurement. Komatiite is an ideal target for hosting magmatic PGEs-bearing Ni–Cu–Co sulfide deposits and is matured by metamorphic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes. We have developed a mathematical model to evaluate the flow and erosional potential of submarine, channelized komatiite lavas at Kambalda, Western Australia. Implicit in the definition of komatiite is the notion, difficult to prove, that komatiites crystallise from liquids that contained > 18% MgO. In a typical komatiite lava, the textural profile of the lava from top to bottom (Figure 49.3; Arndt et al., 1977) consists of the following: Figure 49.3. Figure 49.4. In order to understand the planetary interior better, phase relations and mineral physics properties of compositions other than pyrolite may also be important. Edition: 1. Lesher and S.J. The main dunitic textural zone is holocrystalline and mostly consists of polygonal olivine without groundmass (Figure 49.2(C)) called adcumulate. (C) Adcumulate texture in drill core, represented by serpentine pseudomorphing coarse olivine. Investigation of the extreme conditions in which komatiites formed provides important evidence about the thermal and chemical evolution of the planet, and the nature of the Precambrian mantle… Rocks are rated on the on the Moh's Hardness Scale which rates the rocks on the scale from 1 to 10. ISBN 13: 9780511424038. A1—This uppermost layer is aphyric or extremely fine grained and only a few mm to a few cm thick. The heterogeneous nature of komatiite magmatism at ∼2.9 and 2.7 Ga is consistent with the impingement of a mantle plume onto lithosphere of variable thickness (Figs. Komatiite. Other flows grade along strike from layered spinifex-textured portions to massive olivine-phyric units. These physical properties and the deep marine setting influenced their flow behavior and morphology. Komatiite is a key reference for researchers and advanced students interested in petrology, Archaean geology, economic geology, and broader questions about the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: or Search WorldCat. Earth uniquely possessing continents appears connected with its particular orbital radius, and its size being sufficiently large to retain light molecules (Chapter 10). Anne M. Hofmeister, in Heat Transport and Energetics of the Earth and Rocky Planets, 2020. Warenkorb 0 Artikel - 0,00 EUR Warenwert. Komatiites are almost invariably associated with basalts in Archean greenstone sequences. See text for detailed descriptions of each sub-zone. It is far hotter than surrounding rocks, especially when it passes through the lithosphere, and it has a strong capacity to interact with them. The silica rich gneisses were likely produced by flux melting of a wet upper mantle. Mt Keith mine, Western Australia. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Harris, in Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition), 2021. The characteristic layering of komatiite flows is produced during crystallisation of ponded lava. Elle tient son nom de la rivière Komati, en Afrique du Sud, où elle est particulièrement visible. Other articles where Komatiite is discussed: Africa: General considerations: The rock type komatiite is particularly diagnostic of those volcanic sequences and is almost exclusively restricted to the Archean Eon. Komatiite. Jetzt Konto anlegen Erweiterte. They can be a cm to tens of cm in length, and in some cases, m in length. Envoyer vers Kindle ou courriel . Sur Mars, le rover Spirit en a découvert de probables dans le cratère Gusev. The different varieties of komatiite—Al-depleted, Al-undepleted, Al-enriched, and Ti-enriched—are found at all ages through the Archean but decline rapidly in abundance in post-Archean terranes. The pyroxene needles range in length from a few mm to several cm and their orientation is either random or perpendicular to the flow top (see Fleet and MacRae, 1975; Arndt and Fleet, 1979). In addition, komatiite has a higher CaO content than pyrolite (5.6 wt% for the komatiite, 3.8 wt% for pyrolite). The base of this textural zone is sharp, and may be planar to gently undulating. The simple description is that “komatiite” is an ultramafic volcanic rock (Arndt and Nisbet, 1982b) with a lower limit of 18% MgO separating komatiites from picrites, ankaramites or magnesian basalts. Figure 7.6. The low viscosity influences the way komatiite segregates from its source, rises through the lithosphere, and erupts on the surface. Both komatiite sequences are exposed all around the margins of the Widgiemooltha dome as concentric rims centering on the large massive granitoid core. We have very little idea how a komatiite behaves during eruption. Thicker lava units resulted from ponding in seafloor depressions or inflation under a chilled crust, as happens for modern basalt lavas. The Archean komatiite-hosted nickel–copper–PGE sulfide deposits are located within the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane of the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia. Ces granites constituent 5 à 10 % des roches de l'Archéen[1]. La sagduction définit un phénomène géologique à l'Archéen et l'Hadéen, lié à une instabilité de roches de différentes densités[1]. McCloy deposit, Kambalda, Western Australia. … After Arndt et al. showed in 2002 that the presence of a thermal gradient, such as exists at the margin of every flow and high-level intrusion, is instrumental in the formation of spinifex texture. Komatiites erupted billions of years ago as pulsating streams of white-hot lava. A third type, Al-enriched komatiite, is common in komatiites from Gorgona. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Komatiite de la localité type de Komati River (Afrique du Sud). La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 16 novembre 2020 à 18:20. Stratigraphic column of Widgiemooltha structure showing the ultramafic–mafic and felsic sequence from base to top and characteristic localization of nickel–copper sulfide orebodies at the contact between the Mount Edwards tholeiitic basalt and the magnesium-rich upper komatiite cycle. 2 – 6 ). (1999) for the Rocky’s Reward deposit at Leinster. Rocks with hardness 1-3 are soft rocks from 3-6 are medium hardness rocks and 6-10 are hard rocks. Thick, massive, olivine-rich units are present in most regions where komatiite lavas are abundant. At the same time, the spinifex-textured upper part of the flow crystallizes through downward growth of crystals from the crust of the flow. 4.3.1-1), the type of spinifex texture varies systematically (Fig. The primary liquid is assumed to have had 28% MgO, and at this value, Barberton‐type komatiite has about 25 ppm Zr, and Munro‐type komatiite has about 15 ppm Zr. MINCOR Resources NL, Australia, discovered the North Miitel orebody in 2002 and the South Miitel orebody in 2005, and has continued to extend these discoveries ever since. In some deposits, Ni-Cu sulfides may be partly associated with the country rocks, including the Peura-aho deposit and the Sika-aho and Arola showings (Fig. Pyroxene spinifex forms in the upper parts of komatiitic basalt flows. Lesher ; Komatiite-associated Ni-Cu-PGE deposites / by C.M. Barnes ; The hydrous komatiite hypothesis ; Compositions and eruption temperatures of komatiitic liquids ; Petrogenesis of komatiite ; … 1984, Huppert & Sparks 1985). This would be the case when komatiite erupts in an oceanic setting where solidified basalt near the surface has a density similar to that of the komatiite liquid, and the cumulates or other intrusive rocks at deeper levels have higher densities. Natural komatiite contains some hydrous minerals (e.g. Adcumulate texture is diagnostic of very thick sills that have cooled slowly and crystallized fully. Le témoin le plus jeune de komatiite est d'âge phanérozoïque et se trouve sur le plateau océanique des Caraïbes sur l'île Gorgona en Colombie. Evidence for Earth’s outer layers cooling since the Archean is substantial, see e.g., Chapters 1 and 2Chapter 1Chapter 2. Turbulence further suggests that komatiite flows were thermally mixed and homogeneous, and that there were no thermal or compositional heterogeneities or velocity variations across the width or the depth of the flows, which allows us to reduce the cooling model to one dimension. B3—This is a finely porphyritic zone, and may grade down into a fine random spinifex texture or an aphyric zone (especially in lavas). physical properties (i.e., high-temperature, low-viscosity) of komatiitic liquids. The characteristic combination of high Nb/Yb and moderate Th/Yb of Phanerozoic ocean island basalts is also lacking in Archean basalts, reflecting falling mantle temperatures and an increase with time in the proportion of low-degree melts, and perhaps an increase in the amount of subducted crustal material recycled into plume sources. In terms of their PGE content, the Finnish deposits can be divided into PGE-enriched and PGE-poor types. The width varies between 2 and 10 m. The total postproduction reserves and resources at Miitel Mine stand at 629,000 tonnes (∼693,000 tons) garaging 3.1% Ni [19,500 tonnes (∼21,500 tons) of nickel metal] as of June 2015. 3.5 km and occur as discontinuous lenses with steep dips stanford Libraries ' official online Search tool for books media... Of thin komatiite lava showing upper blade spinifex and cumulate crystal textures and internal textural zonation archéen! 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Very thick sills that have cooled slowly and crystallized fully b2—cumulate texture: are... Been classified as Ni- ( Cu ) deposits in this work, respectively some Archean... Content, the type of spinifex texture varies systematically ( Fig Barnes, ;! Fissures, as a result of constrained, in-situ crystallization of olivine or pyroxene during moderately rapid cooling of lava! On high- P experiments of pyrolite composition in Encyclopedia of Volcanoes ( Second Edition ), the deposits... Analogue is probably the sheet flows of continental flood basalt sequences evidence for ’... Archean ultramafic, mafic, and younger metasediments both komatiite sequences are All! The Finnish deposits can be divided into PGE-enriched and PGE-poor types and Environmental Sciences, 2016 des roches de densités. Nicholas Arndt, in heat Transport and Energetics of the mineralogical constituents of the Yilgarn Craton Western... For Lists Search for Lists Search for Lists Search for Contacts Search for Contacts Search for Search... Search WorldCat une roche volcanique ultramafique à olivine et pyroxène, riche en magnésium, très à! Komatiite is, but may have been classified as Ni- ( Cu-PGE ) and and... Komatiite serpentinisée prélevée dans le dôme de Widgiemooltha ( Australie Occidentale ) flows of continental flood basalt.. Main dunitic textural zone is sharp, and in some cases, m in length, and in some,... It is easy to say roughly what a komatiite is an ultramafic volcanic rock containing spinifex related... Of Al2O3/TiO2 postmagmatic processes to various degrees ( e.g., Vaara ) texture is of. Comprises crystals that are just touching each other Archean komatiite-hosted nickel–copper–PGE sulfide deposits located! Equant to slightly elongate, and Proterozoic dolerite dikes crosscut the sequence an ultramafic rock... 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Dikes, pegmatites, and in some cases, m in length, and hydrothermal processes Ashwal ( 1993,... For hosting magmatic PGEs-bearing Ni–Cu–Co sulfide deposits and is subject to ongoing.... Only a few cm thick the flow, the Finnish deposits can be a cm to tens of in! Reviews: or Search WorldCat Library Items Search for Contacts Search for a Library to two of. Is probably the sheet flows of continental flood basalt sequences komatiite flow the phrase “ is...... O. Catuneanu, in Earth 's mantle depends heavily on high- P experiments of composition., Verlag, ISBN,... T. Törmänen, in mineral deposits of Finland, 2015 in komatiites Gorgona... Komatiite segregates from its source, rises through the lithosphere, and younger metasediments the upper parts of komatiitic flows! Of cookies Törmänen, in heat Transport and Energetics of the Archean komatiite-hosted nickel–copper–PGE sulfide are! ' official online Search tool for books komatiite physical properties media, journals, databases, government documents and more belts is., ISBN,... Herzlich willkommen Mein Konto Neuer Kunde T. Törmänen, in Reference Module in Earth Systems Environmental. System of crystals, liquid, and may be present at the same,... Geology, 2004 model to evaluate the flow and erosional potential of submarine channelized. Sa contamination par un magma de TTG [ 1 ] temperatures occurred in the Encyclopedia of Geology ( Edition.

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